Install order doesn't really matter anymore. The only thing to be aware of is that some add-ons require the latest update, so it is usually smart to do CC3+ -> latest update -> everything else -> latest update again (because it will update some of the files you just installed from the add-ons) [and yea, ignoring the message that you already have a later version.]

Assuming your friends don't have CC3+, the standard way would be to just export it as an image from the save as dialog. (See page 47 of thr User manual for details about the procedure). Optionally, you can print it to a pdf file instead, all modern versions of Windows comes with a virtual pdf printer installed you can print to to generate a pdf file.

Saved effects settings are found in @System\Effects. They are regular .fcw files

Drawing tools are found in @System\Drawtools. Each style has it's own folder here, and each draw tool is a .dto file, and if it is a macro tool it will also have a .dtm file and optionally a .fcw (for preview) file.

Effects are stored in the map, so existing maps will have all their effects on a new install.

Not really sure how well mixing text labels and number labels would work, but in the end, the only way to know is to try and see if you are happy with the result. There are no absolute rules you have to stick to.

If I were to do that though, based on the elements in your list above, I would probably use text labels for geographical features and town names, and then use numbers for "interesting locations" like battle sites, ruins, cultural location, etc.... This seperates "proper" map information from supplementary information.

That's generally a good approach. The most important for people reading your story is to identify the places they read about on the map. Then you can expand on it later with more names if you write more stories set in that location.